Lancia Lambda

Rédaction : Albert Lallement  

VINCENZO'S MASTERPIECE

The Lancia Lambda was introduced in 1922, and throughout its career it incorporated state-of-the-art technical solutions that opened the door to modern motoring.

After dominating the World Rally Championship from 1974 to 1976 with its Stratos, Lancia decided to focus on endurance events. This proved successful, with the Group 5 Beta Montecarlo winning the World Sports Car Championship from 1979 to 1981. When the new Group B was created by FISA in 1982, Lancia was ready before anyone else, lining up the 037 Rally, a model derived from the Mon-tecarlo. The following season, Lancia won the Championship.

The Lancia Lambda revolutionised automotive engineering with the introduction, first in the world, of a self-supporting monocoque structure. © IXO Collections SAS - Tous droits réservés. Crédits photo © Lancia D.R.

When the Lancia Lambda made its debut at the 17th Paris Motor Show in October 1922, the public was astonished by its lines, which were in stark contrast to the heavier models exhibited by competing brands. The Lambda's look was resolutely modern, with a tapered rear end extended by a boot that functioned as a reinforcement box. One of the features that stands out at first glance is the particular-ly low ground clearance, which emphasises the impression of fluidity and dynamics that emerges from the whole.

This view of the front reveals the renowned independent wheel suspension system enclosing the horseshoe-shaped radiator. © IXO Collections SAS - Tous droits réservés. Crédits photo © Lancia D.R.

AN EXTRAORDINARY DESIGN 

Before being admired under the vaults of the Grand Palais, the Lancia Lambda experienced a long and difficult genesis, but above all one rich in bold research. For his new model, Vincenzo Lancia was keen to innovate once again, continuing the tradition of the cars he had designed in the past. He already had a number of technical successes to his name, such as the Theta and the Kappa, which he produced after the First World War, and he was constantly drawing up new ideas from his fertile imagination. The Lambda would allow him to experiment and bring to fruition concepts he had been working on for several years, such as the self-supporting structure and the front suspension with in-dependent wheels. The eight engineers in Lancia's design office, based in Turin's San Paolo district, worked enthusiastically 12 hours a day on the projects envisaged by Vincenzo Lancia. The result was revolutionary, and by the end of the summer of 1921, the prototype was completed. An initial test drive was organised in the streets adjacent to the factory, after which the owner himself drove the car from Turin to Mont Cenis, accompanied by his faithful test driver Luigi Gismondi. Engineers Scacchi, Rocco and Cantarini were also part of the trip, the latter two being in charge of developing the 2.1-litre V4 engine. The Lambda was not yet in its definitive phase, even though its self-supporting body-work was based on the patented concept of a curved body with two doors and an open bonnet. Alt-hough the bodywork of the first sketches had very rounded lines, these gradually took on a more angular appearance on the production models that left the factory in March 1922.

Cette vue de l’avant permet d’admirer la fameuse suspension à roues indépendantes encadrant le radiateur en forme de fer à cheval.© IXO Collections SAS - Tous droits réservés. Crédits photo © © Lancia D.R.

INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS IN ABUNDANCE 

The Lambda's structure is based on a framework of 2mm-thick steel sheets, pressed and riveted to-gether. The sides are connected by cross-pieces that support the engine, gearbox, suspension and seats. This structure then accommodates the steel panels that form the bodywork itself. The panels are pierced at door level and the edges of these openings are hemmed to maintain rigidity. The radia-tor grille at the front, in the shape of a horseshoe, was assembled from heavy metal sheets. It sup-ported the top of the front wishbone and its rigidity played a vital role. A curved shaped tunnel runs through the middle of and above the floor. This is where the drive shaft is routed to the rear axle, thus lowering the car's ground clearance. The new independent-wheel suspension also posed another challenge, as drum brakes were fitted at the front, where the prototype did not include any, and were operated by reinforced cables. The four-cylinder V-engine was particularly narrow, so the crankcase was positioned underneath the bonnet to save space, while the crankshaft and gearbox controls were housed in the tunnel enclosing the drive shaft. Rather than being integral with the engine block, the gearbox was bolted to a crossmember located behind the flywheel.

On the floor of the passenger compartment, under the steering wheel, you can see the tunnel con-taining the transmission shaft leading to the rear differential. © IXO Collections SAS - Tous droits réservés. Crédits photo © Lancia D.R.

The Lancia Lambda may well have deserved the title of "Queen of the Road", twelve years before the Citroën Traction, for its suspension was such a perfect example of smoothness and balance. © IXO Collections SAS - Tous droits réservés. Crédits photo © Lancia D.R.

Fiche technique

Lancia Lambda Type 214 - Série 3 (1924)

• Engine: Lancia Type 67, 4-cylinder, 13° V-twin, front longitudinal 

• Displacement: 2120 cm3 

• Bore x stroke: 75 mm x 120 mm 

• Power: 49 bhp at 3,250 rpm 

• Fuel: Zenith 36HK horizontal carburettor and Weymann vacuum exhauster 

• Ignition: Marelli high-voltage magneto 

• Timing: 1 overhead camshaft per bank, 2 valves per cylinder 

• Transmission: rear wheel drive, 3-speed gearbox + M.A. 

• Tyres: Michelin, 765 x 105 (front and rear) 

• Brakes: 300 mm diameter drums (front and rear), cable-operated 

• Length: 4973 mm 

• Width: 1670 mm 

• Height: 1700 mm

• Wheelbase: 3100 mm 

• Front track: 1332 mm 

• Rear track: 1366 mm 

• Weight (empty): 1,225 kg 

• Maximum speed: 110 km/h.

LIKE THE HULL OF A SHIP

According to the story, Vincenzo Lancia imagined the Lambda's light, rigid structure by observing the hull of an ocean liner on a voyage to the United States. On 28 March 1919, he registered a patent for a car with a self-supporting body. On 15 March 1921, shortly after launching the Lambda design study, Vincenzo Lancia called a meeting with the engineers Battista Falchetto and Rodolfo Zeppegno to announce his intention to apply the recently patented principle of the self-supporting monocoque body to the brand's new production model. This self-supporting structure would revolutionise car manufacturing and mark the imminent end of the traditional chassis with attached bodywork that had been inherited from horse-drawn carriages. However, the adoption of this sheet-steel-covered, metal-structured bodywork surprised and aroused the scepticism of some journalists at the time. But cus-tomers responded favourably to these new solutions and the Lambda was an immediate commercial success, confirming Vincenzo Lancia's technical choices.

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