141-r and mountain railway lines

18/02/2024

141-r and mountain railway lines

Unlike roads, with gradients measured in centimetres per metre, railways, transporting loads in the hundreds of tonnes with a derisory expenditure of energy, only accept gradients measured in millimetres per metre. 

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Auteur :  Clive Lamming

Gradients represent a real challenge for railways. What's more, unlike diesel or petrol engines, the power of steam engines decreases as speed increases: it is therefore at its maximum when the train pulls away and then decreases rapidly if the train accelerates. This means that the possible towed load of 3,000 tonnes at 20 km/h is only 400 tonnes at 110 km/h. However, at the same speed, the towed load is divided by 3 or 4 if the train goes from a flat surface (no ramp) to a simple ramp of 10 mm per metre.

They were spared nothing... and as soon as they entered service, these brave 141-Rs found themselves on the dreaded mountain line known as the ‘Ligne des Alpes’, linking Grenoble to Marseille via the Croix-Haute pass and the Durance valley. Pictured here is an ‘R’ catching her breath at Clelles-Mens station, near the mountain pass.© IXO Collections SAS - Tous droits réservés. Crédits photo © Collection Trainsconsultant-Lamming

They were spared nothing... and as soon as they entered service, these brave 141-Rs found themselves on the dreaded mountain line known as the ‘Ligne des Alpes’, linking Grenoble to Marseille via the Croix-Haute pass and the Durance valley. Pictured here is an ‘R’ catching her breath at Clelles-Mens station, near the mountain pass.© IXO Collections SAS - Tous droits réservés. Crédits photo © Collection Trainsconsultant-Lamming

La troisième caractéristique est le graissage mécanique automatique généralisé sur la locomotive, ce qui permet de longs parcours sans souci de surveillance et d’interventions, sans risque d’échauffements voire de pannes.

La quatrième caractéristique est un appareillage auxiliaire simple et robuste, et qui est d’un fonctionnement sûr avec un entretien peu onéreux. Les pompes d’alimentation en eau, les réchauffeurs d’eau, les injecteurs, les compresseurs, et même les turbodynamo sont mécaniquement robustes, simples, sûrs, et créent un climat de confiance et d’efficacité parmi les équipes de conduite ainsi qu’auprès des équipes d’entretien des ateliers.

SNCF carriages known as ‘DEV AO’ (for Division des Études de Voitures et Acier Ordinaire) were, due to the fact that they were built in the immediate post-war period, pulled by innumerable 141-Rs for regional trains at, let's say, limited speed. Pictured here is a rare view of 141-R-1187 in 1975, taken by J.H. Renaud during an amateur outing.© IXO Collections SAS - Tous droits réservés. Crédits photo © Collection Trainsconsultant-Lamming

SNCF carriages known as ‘DEV AO’ (for Division des Études de Voitures et Acier Ordinaire) were, due to the fact that they were built in the immediate post-war period, pulled by innumerable 141-Rs for regional trains at, let's say, limited speed. Pictured here is a rare view of 141-R-1187 in 1975, taken by J.H. Renaud during an amateur outing.© IXO Collections SAS - Tous droits réservés. Crédits photo © Collection Trainsconsultant-Lamming

AN ACHIEVEMENT ON THE ALPINE ROUTEDue to their limited speed, the 141-Rs may never have been praised for ‘beautiful strolls’ like those of the Pacific or Mountain, but their strength, especially in the mountains, led to some memorable achievements. During a busy departure for the Easter holidays in 1962, special train 11902 was towed on the Alpine route by BB diesel locomotives 66039 and 66040 departing from the Portes-lès-Valence depot, but on leaving the Gap station, not far from kilometre marker 264, the train ‘’crashed‘’ on a curve, unable to brave the 25-percent gradient to La Freissinouse.Both diesel locomotives started with difficulty, the engines warming up, but the train failed to move. Appeal had to be made to ‘ auxiliaries up front’ and the only locomotive available was a single 141-R fuel locomotive, loaded and waiting at Veynes depot for a train to Marseille-Blancarde, its home depot. The locomotive arrived at the ‘scene’ at 11pm and was hitched to the head of the train, which consisted of two locomotives and 15 old PLM type OCEM coaches - a total of 875 tonnes! Without missing a single moment, the 141-R immediately set the train in motion. Its powerful banging exhaust echoed into the night, waking up the barrier guards and station chiefs.

AN ACHIEVEMENT ON THE ALPINE ROUTE

Due to their limited speed, the 141-Rs may never have been praised for ‘beautiful strolls’ like those of the Pacific or Mountain, but their strength, especially in the mountains, led to some memorable achievements. During a busy departure for the Easter holidays in 1962, special train 11902 was towed on the Alpine route by BB diesel locomotives 66039 and 66040 departing from the Portes-lès-Valence depot, but on leaving the Gap station, not far from kilometre marker 264, the train ‘’crashed‘’ on a curve, unable to brave the 25-percent gradient to La Freissinouse.

Both diesel locomotives started with difficulty, the engines warming up, but the train failed to move. Appeal had to be made to ‘ auxiliaries up front’ and the only locomotive available was a single 141-R fuel locomotive, loaded and waiting at Veynes depot for a train to Marseille-Blancarde, its home depot. The locomotive arrived at the ‘scene’ at 11pm and was hitched to the head of the train, which consisted of two locomotives and 15 old PLM type OCEM coaches - a total of 875 tonnes! Without missing a single moment, the 141-R immediately set the train in motion. Its powerful banging exhaust echoed into the night, waking up the barrier guards and station chiefs.

Un exploit sur la ligne des Alpes

Si les 141-R n’ont jamais eu les honneurs des « belles marches » des Pacific ou des Mountain du fait de leur vitesse limitée, leur puissance, notamment en montagne, leur a valu de réaliser des exploits mémorables. Sur la ligne des Alpes, lors d’un grand départ en vacances de Pâques en 1962, le train spécial 11902 est remorqué par les BB diesel 66039 et 66040 du dépôt de Portes-lès-Valence, mais il « se plante » en courbe à la sortie de Gap, près du point kilométrique 264, ne pouvant affronter la rampe de 25 pour mille conduisant à La Freissinouse. Les deux locomotives diesel partent lamentablement, les moteurs chauffent, mais le train reste immobile. Il fallut demander « un secours par l’avant » et la seule locomotive disponible était une seule 141-R fuel, allumée, et en attente au dépôt de Veynes pour assurer un train jusqu’à Marseille-Blancarde, son dépôt d’attache. La machine arrive à 23 heures sur le « lieu de détresse » et elle est attelée en tête du train qui est formé de deux locomotives et quinze voitures anciennes type OCEM du PLM ; soit quand même 875 tonnes en tout ! Sans aucun patinage, la 141-R démarre le train immédiatement, faisant entendre dans la nuit ses puissants coups d’échappement qui réveillent les garde-barrières et les chefs de gare.

The photographs, particularly of 141-Rs, by Lucien-Maurice Vilain are great classics, always carefully presented. Pictured here on the Bonson viaduct on the Alps line.© IXO Collections SAS - Tous droits réservés. Crédits photo © Collection Trainsconsultant-Lamming

The photographs, particularly of 141-Rs, by Lucien-Maurice Vilain are great classics, always carefully presented. Pictured here on the Bonson viaduct on the Alps line.© IXO Collections SAS - Tous droits réservés. Crédits photo © Collection Trainsconsultant-Lamming

OPERATION ON RAILWAY LINES WITH STEEP GRADIENTS On the winding and hilly line along the Côte d'Azur, the 141-Rs pull the famous Mistral train, which weighs 300 to 400 tonnes depending on the day and composition, as well as other very heavy trains weighing up to 800 tonnes. The routes from Marseille to Toulon (67 km) or from Toulon to Saint-Raphaël (94 km) are covered in 44 and 61 minutes respectively, at a speed of barely 90 km/h, but only on stretches with very steep gradients of about 8 per thousand. Not even Pacific and Mountain could have done better than that.

OPERATION ON RAILWAY LINES WITH STEEP GRADIENTS 

On the winding and hilly line along the Côte d'Azur, the 141-Rs pull the famous Mistral train, which weighs 300 to 400 tonnes depending on the day and composition, as well as other very heavy trains weighing up to 800 tonnes. The routes from Marseille to Toulon (67 km) or from Toulon to Saint-Raphaël (94 km) are covered in 44 and 61 minutes respectively, at a speed of barely 90 km/h, but only on stretches with very steep gradients of about 8 per thousand. Not even Pacific and Mountain could have done better than that.

THE R'S EXCLUDED ON THE MASSIF-CENTRAL, CAUSSES AND CEVENNES RAILWAY LINES 

Hardly any ‘R’ locomotives are in use on these routes as there are many tunnels. The gauge of the R's is particularly generous and well-rounded, taking up the maximum available space, so the air in the tunnels circulates poorly around the engines and cabin temperatures can reach record levels! As a result, air circulation around the engines was poor and temperatures rose to unprecedented levels inside the passenger’s compartments As a result, the ‘R’ trains were more likely to be ‘slow’ south of Nevers, particularly on the Langeac line, known as the ‘line of a hundred tunnels’.

Locomotive 232 U 1 of the Hudson type operated in France from 1949 to 1960 on the Paris-Lille route. Railway enthusiasts still regard it as an aesthetic masterpiece, with its pure, aerodynamic lines.

To many railwaymen and enthusiasts around the world, the unique 232 U 1 was the most beautiful French steam locomotive. A masterpiece of the engineer Marc de Caso, built in 1949 at a time when steam locomotives were already irretrievably condemned, this machine heralded the new generation of modern steam locomotives. But it came too late, at a time when steam traction on the SNCF network was definitively being phased out and replaced by electric traction.

Pour beaucoup de cheminots et d’amateurs du monde entier, l’unique 232 U 1 fut la plus belle locomotive à vapeur française. Chef-d’œuvre de l’ingénieur Marc de Caso, construite en 1949, à une époque où la vapeur était pourtant déjà irrémédiablement condamnée, cette machine annonçait la nouvelle génération des locomotives à vapeur modernes. Mais elle est née trop tard à une époque où, définitivement, la traction vapeur était condamnée sur le réseau SNCF pour laisser la place à la traction électrique.

The splendid 232 U 1 in operation at Gare du Nord in the 1950s. Running alongside the Pacific Chapelon and the 241-P, both of which were no match for the performance of this model, the 232 U 1 was capable of withstanding the rigours of the La Chapelle depot workshops.© IXO Collections SAS - Tous droits réservés. Crédits photo © Collection Trainsconsultant-Lamming

The splendid 232 U 1 in operation at Gare du Nord in the 1950s. Running alongside the Pacific Chapelon and the 241-P, both of which were no match for the performance of this model, the 232 U 1 was capable of withstanding the rigours of the La Chapelle depot workshops.© IXO Collections SAS - Tous droits réservés. Crédits photo © Collection Trainsconsultant-Lamming

HOW TO OUTPERFORM THE PACIFIC? Built in 1948 by the Corpet-Louvet company in La Courneuve, it was equipped with almost all the improvements available at the time, plus needle and roller bearings throughout the mechanism. It was fitted with highly sophisticated equipment such as an automatic start system dosing steam into the high- and low-pressure cylinders, oil boxes and wedges automatically adjusting the play in the connecting rods, and so on. With a length of 15.7 m and a weight of 131 tonnes, it was capable of producing 2,000 kW (2,800 bhp) due to its fire grate with a surface of 5,175 m2. It headed fast trains of over 560 tonnes at 120 km/h, and was in regular use on the Paris-Lille service.

HOW TO OUTPERFORM THE PACIFIC? 

Built in 1948 by the Corpet-Louvet company in La Courneuve, it was equipped with almost all the improvements available at the time, plus needle and roller bearings throughout the mechanism. It was fitted with highly sophisticated equipment such as an automatic start system dosing steam into the high- and low-pressure cylinders, oil boxes and wedges automatically adjusting the play in the connecting rods, and so on. With a length of 15.7 m and a weight of 131 tonnes, it was capable of producing 2,000 kW (2,800 bhp) due to its fire grate with a surface of 5,175 m2. It headed fast trains of over 560 tonnes at 120 km/h, and was in regular use on the Paris-Lille service.

Comment surpasser les Pacific ?

Construite en 1948 par les établissements Corpet-Louvet à la Courneuve, elle reçoit la quasi-totalité des perfectionnements disponibles à l’époque, plus des roulements à aiguille ou à rouleaux sur l’ensemble du mécanisme. C’est ainsi qu’elle est dotée d’équipements très sophistiqués comme un système de démarrage automatique dosant la vapeur dans les cylindres haute et basse pression, des boîtes à huile et coins de rattrapage automatique de jeux sur les bielles, etc. Longue de 15,7 m, pesant 131 tonnes, elle est capable de fournir 2 000 kW (2 800 ch) grâce à sa grille de foyer d’une surface de 5 175 m2. Elle est mise en tête de trains rapides de plus de 560 tonnes pour le 120 km/h, et cette belle machine connaît une utilisation suivie sur la relation Paris-Lille. 

The 230-K-249, slightly streamlined for the occasion, was designated for the painful traction of the "train on tyres" that the SNCF tested in 1949-1950 on the Paris-Strasbourg line. Here the train is in the depot, as can be seen from the access stairs. The Bugatti trainsets did better in terms of speed.© IXO Collections SAS - Tous droits réservés. Crédits photo © Collection Trainsconsultant-Lamming

The 230-K-249, slightly streamlined for the occasion, was designated for the painful traction of the "train on tyres" that the SNCF tested in 1949-1950 on the Paris-Strasbourg line. Here the train is in the depot, as can be seen from the access stairs. The Bugatti trainsets did better in terms of speed.© IXO Collections SAS - Tous droits réservés. Crédits photo © Collection Trainsconsultant-Lamming

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