The 141-r: parisian, of course, but rarely seen in smart stations

15/02/2024

The 141-r: parisian, of course, but rarely seen in smart stations

The 141-R was rarely seen under the skylights of the beautiful Parisian train stations, its 105 km/h speed limit kept it away from the platforms where long-distance passenger trains departed from. 

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Auteur :  Clive Lamming

The 141-Rs were present, particularly at Vaires and Achères, for the difficult and unrewarding tasks assigned to freight trains, and that was as close as they would get to Paris. It was here that the long, slow journey to the large marshalling yards surrounding the capital, linked by the circular line known as the Grande Ceinture, came to an end.

The 141-R was mainly used to pull the heavy freight trains on which the recovery of the French economy depended. Pictured here, next to a locomotive, a Citroën ‘Traction avant’ train. Petrol and tyres were still in short supply, but the car was preparing its comeback.© IXO Collections SAS - Tous droits réservés. Crédits photo © Collection Trainsconsultant-Lamming

The 141-R was mainly used to pull the heavy freight trains on which the recovery of the French economy depended. Pictured here, next to a locomotive, a Citroën ‘Traction avant’ train. Petrol and tyres were still in short supply, but the car was preparing its comeback.© IXO Collections SAS - Tous droits réservés. Crédits photo © Collection Trainsconsultant-Lamming

La troisième caractéristique est le graissage mécanique automatique généralisé sur la locomotive, ce qui permet de longs parcours sans souci de surveillance et d’interventions, sans risque d’échauffements voire de pannes.

La quatrième caractéristique est un appareillage auxiliaire simple et robuste, et qui est d’un fonctionnement sûr avec un entretien peu onéreux. Les pompes d’alimentation en eau, les réchauffeurs d’eau, les injecteurs, les compresseurs, et même les turbodynamo sont mécaniquement robustes, simples, sûrs, et créent un climat de confiance et d’efficacité parmi les équipes de conduite ainsi qu’auprès des équipes d’entretien des ateliers.

The large marshalling yards around Paris were the familiar departure place for 141-Rs at the head of lengthy trains. Here, near Villeneuve-St-Georges, the site known as Pompadour became a major road junction.© IXO Collections SAS - Tous droits réservés. Crédits photo © Collection Trainsconsultant-Lamming

The large marshalling yards around Paris were the familiar departure place for 141-Rs at the head of lengthy trains. Here, near Villeneuve-St-Georges, the site known as Pompadour became a major road junction.© IXO Collections SAS - Tous droits réservés. Crédits photo © Collection Trainsconsultant-Lamming

JOURNEY ON LINES THAT SUFFERED DURING THE WARThe Second World War relatively spared the Grande Ceinture, as the Germans realised its importance for their military transport. The Allied bombing caused few major disruptions to the Grande Ceinture, but as the Germans withdrew, considerable destruction was caused to the line, in particular to the Saint-Léger and Nogent viaducts and the bridges at Athis, Maisons-Laffitte, Choisy, Neuilly-sur-Marne and Le Bourget.After the Liberation, the SNCF and the American Engineering Department immediately set about restoring the infrastructure. Until 1945, the Bobigny-Noisy-le-Sec-Sucy-Bonneuil section of the ring railway enabled trains on the Paris-Troyes line to run, because of the destruction of the Nogent-sur-Marne viaduct. The Epinay-Villetaneuse-Argenteuil section reopened, as did the Paris-Mantes line via Argenteuil, which had been interrupted following the destruction of the Eiffel bridge at Conflans. Gradually, as hundreds of 141-R locomotives arrived, the railways in the Paris region were practically rebuilt under their wheels: many of them ran at walking pace, on temporary wooden bridges, over completely rebuilt lines.

JOURNEY ON LINES THAT SUFFERED DURING THE WAR

The Second World War relatively spared the Grande Ceinture, as the Germans realised its importance for their military transport. The Allied bombing caused few major disruptions to the Grande Ceinture, but as the Germans withdrew, considerable destruction was caused to the line, in particular to the Saint-Léger and Nogent viaducts and the bridges at Athis, Maisons-Laffitte, Choisy, Neuilly-sur-Marne and Le Bourget.

After the Liberation, the SNCF and the American Engineering Department immediately set about restoring the infrastructure. Until 1945, the Bobigny-Noisy-le-Sec-Sucy-Bonneuil section of the ring railway enabled trains on the Paris-Troyes line to run, because of the destruction of the Nogent-sur-Marne viaduct. The Epinay-Villetaneuse-Argenteuil section reopened, as did the Paris-Mantes line via Argenteuil, which had been interrupted following the destruction of the Eiffel bridge at Conflans. Gradually, as hundreds of 141-R locomotives arrived, the railways in the Paris region were practically rebuilt under their wheels: many of them ran at walking pace, on temporary wooden bridges, over completely rebuilt lines.

Le parcours sur des lignes qui ont souffert 

La Seconde Guerre mondiale a relativement épargné la Grande Ceinture : les Allemands s’étant rendu compte de son importance pour leurs transports militaires. Les bombardements alliés entrainent peu de bouleversements importants pour la Grande Ceinture, mais les Allemands, en se retirant, provoquent de graves destructions, notamment aux viaducs de Saint-Léger, Nogent et aux ponts d’Athis, de Maisons-Laffitte, de Choisy, de Neuilly-sur-Marne et du Bourget. 

Dès la Libération, la SNCF et les services du Génie américain entreprennent le rétablissement des ouvrages d’art. Jusqu’en 1945, la section de la Ceinture Bobigny-Noisy-le-Sec-Sucy-Bonneuil permet, en raison de la destruction du viaduc de Nogent-sur-Marne, la circulation des trains de la ligne Paris-Troyes. La section Epinay-Villetaneuse-Argenteuil est remise en service, tout comme celle de la ligne Paris-Mantes par Argenteuil interrompue par suite de la destruction du pont Eiffel, à Conflans. Peu à peu, et au fur et à mesure  de l’arrivée de centaines de locomotives 141-R, les lignes de la région parisienne se reconstruisent pratiquement sous leurs roues : beaucoup vont rouler au pas, sur des ponts provisoires en bois, sur des lignes en reconstruction intégrale. 

While waiting for nuclear power, which no one believed in, coal, dearly imported, remained vital for France, as here on the Vaires site near Paris. The 141-Rs will be towing thousands of tonnes of coal every day.© IXO Collections SAS - Tous droits réservés. Crédits photo © Collection Trainsconsultant-Lamming

While waiting for nuclear power, which no one believed in, coal, dearly imported, remained vital for France, as here on the Vaires site near Paris. The 141-Rs will be towing thousands of tonnes of coal every day.

© IXO Collections SAS - Tous droits réservés. Crédits photo © Collection Trainsconsultant-Lamming

PARIS REGION  As part of its immediate post-war electrification plan, SNCF planned to electrify the Grande Ceinture sections from Valenton to Juvisy, from Juvisy to Versailles-Chantiers and the short branch from Orly to Massy-Palaiseau. This project would provide genuine ‘technical unity’ (‘standardisation’ or ‘interoperability’ as it was known at the time) in the south of the Paris region.In fact, it would create a connection between Versailles-Chantiers (hence the Paris-Chartres line) with the line from Sceaux to Massy-Palaiseau, and Juvisy (hence the Paris-Orléans line) and Valenton (hence the Paris-Lyon line) and could even touch on the electrified Vincennes-Sucy-Bonneuil line through the Valenton-Sucy section. This continuity in electric traction would greatly facilitate inter-regional exchanges and interconnections. The electrified Versailles-Juvisy and Orly-Massy sections, as well as the Valenton-Juvisy section, were put into service in 1946-1947 and seemed to confirm once and for all that the Grande Ceinture would or would not become a freight rail route and that steam traction would be abolished once and for all.

PARIS REGION  

As part of its immediate post-war electrification plan, SNCF planned to electrify the Grande Ceinture sections from Valenton to Juvisy, from Juvisy to Versailles-Chantiers and the short branch from Orly to Massy-Palaiseau. This project would provide genuine ‘technical unity’ (‘standardisation’ or ‘interoperability’ as it was known at the time) in the south of the Paris region.

In fact, it would create a connection between Versailles-Chantiers (hence the Paris-Chartres line) with the line from Sceaux to Massy-Palaiseau, and Juvisy (hence the Paris-Orléans line) and Valenton (hence the Paris-Lyon line) and could even touch on the electrified Vincennes-Sucy-Bonneuil line through the Valenton-Sucy section. This continuity in electric traction would greatly facilitate inter-regional exchanges and interconnections. The electrified Versailles-Juvisy and Orly-Massy sections, as well as the Valenton-Juvisy section, were put into service in 1946-1947 and seemed to confirm once and for all that the Grande Ceinture would or would not become a freight rail route and that steam traction would be abolished once and for all.

Les projets de la SNCF : chasser la vapeur de la région parisienne 

La SNCF, dans son plan d’électrification de l’immédiat après-guerre, a prévu l’électrification des sections Grande Ceinture de Valenton à Juvisy ; de Juvisy à Versailles-Chantiers et du court embranchement d’Orly à Massy-Palaiseau. Ce projet permettrait une véritable « unité technique » (terme d’époque pour désigner ce que l’on appellerait une standardisation ou une « interopérabilité » aujourd’hui) dans le Sud de la région parisienne. En effet, elle créerait une liaison entre Versailles-Chantiers (donc la ligne Paris-Chartres) avec la ligne de Sceaux à Massy-Palaiseau, et Juvisy (donc la ligne Paris-Orléans) et Valenton (donc la ligne Paris-Lyon) et éventuellement pourrait même toucher à la ligne électrifiée Vincennes-Sucy-Bonneuil par la section Valenton-Sucy. Cette continuité en traction électrique faciliterait grandement les échanges inter-régionaux et les parcours réciproques de pénétration. Les sections électrifiées Versailles Juvisy et Orly-Massy ainsi que Valenton-Juvisy sont effectivement mises en service en 1946-1947 et semblent confirmer, d’une manière définitive, que la Grande Ceinture sera une ligne pour les marchandises, ou ne sera pas, et que la traction vapeur en sera fermement exclue.

The 141-Rs of the 1940s to 1960s experienced a surge in demand and were rushed from one marshalling yard to another where the heavy freight trains were waiting. Here two ‘R’ trains travelling through a snow-covered landscape.© IXO Collections SAS - Tous droits réservés. Crédits photo © Collection Trainsconsultant-Lamming

The 141-Rs of the 1940s to 1960s experienced a surge in demand and were rushed from one marshalling yard to another where the heavy freight trains were waiting. Here two ‘R’ trains travelling through a snow-covered landscape.© IXO Collections SAS - Tous droits réservés. Crédits photo © Collection Trainsconsultant-Lamming

Les 141-R des années 1940 à 1960 sont submergées par la demande et sont acheminées en urgence d’un triage à un autre où les attendent les lourds trains de marchandises. Ici deux « R » roulent dans un paysage enneigé. © IXO Collections SAS - Tous droits réservés. Crédits photo © Collection Trainsconsultant-Lamming

Les 141-R des années 1940 à 1960 sont submergées par la demande et sont acheminées en urgence d’un triage à un autre où les attendent les lourds trains de marchandises. Ici deux « R » roulent dans un paysage enneigé. © IXO Collections SAS - Tous droits réservés. Crédits photo © Collection Trainsconsultant-Lamming

The Grande Ceinture, a circular line at distance from Paris, connected the major marshalling yards as well as coordinating national freight traffic bypassing the capital. But as electrification (in red) progressed, steam was retreating and left the Ceinture.

© IXO Collections SAS - Tous droits réservés. Crédits photo © Collection Trainsconsultant-Lamming

Superb in its chocolate brown livery with yellow stripes, the Chapelon Nord is one of the most famous locomotives in the history of railways throughout the world. Chapelon doubled the power of these locomotives in what appeared to be a magic trick, while at the same time lowering the coal and water consumption.

Superb in its chocolate brown livery with yellow stripes, the Chapelon Nord is one of the most famous locomotives in the history of railways throughout the world. Chapelon doubled the power of these locomotives in what appeared to be a magic trick, while at the same time lowering the coal and water consumption.

CHAPELON'S VERY PERSONAL IDEAS 

André Chapelon was a brilliant graduate of the Ecole Centrale. Traditionally, the railways entrusted the design of locomotives to polytechnicians, who designed locomotives that were brilliantly ‘calculated’ but suffered from thermodynamic flaws. In 1929, André Chapelon converted a ‘Pacific’, No. 3566, in the workshops of the Compagnie du Paris-Orléans (PO) in Tours. Chapelon doubled the steam passage sections and the entire steam circuit from the regulator to the exhaust. 

He doubled the level of overheating by raising the temperature of the steam from 300° to 400°. He doubled the vacuum in the smokebox by implementing the Kylchap exhaust developed by the Finnish engineer Kylälä and himself. Power output increased from 2,000 to 3,600 bhp, and water savings reached 30%, while coal savings reached 20%. This gave the PO, and subsequently the North, access to ‘Pacifics’ rated at 3,400 hp and capable of moving and pulling 1,000-tonne trains smoothly at speeds of over 120 km/h. It used to be less than 2,000 bhp, 300 tonne trains with speeds of just 90 km/h.

Les idées très personnelles de Chapelon

André Chapelon est un brillant centralien. La tradition du chemin de fer est de confier la conception des locomotives à des polytechniciens qui dessinaient deslocomotives brillamment « calculées » mais souffrant de défauts sur le plan thermodynamique. 

En 1929 André Chapelon fait transformer, dans les ateliers de la Compagnie du Paris-Orléans (PO) à Tours, une « Pacific », la N° 3566. Il double les sections de passage de vapeur et l’ensemble du circuit de vapeur depuis le régulateur jusqu’à l’échappement. Il double le degré de surchauffe en portant la température de la vapeur de 300 à 400°. Il double le vide dans la boîte à fumée en appliquant l’échappement Kylchap mis au point par l’ingénieur finlandais Kylälä et lui-même. Les puissances passent de 2 000 à 3 600 ch, et les économies d’eau atteignent 30%, tandis que les économies de charbon atteignent 20%. 

C’est ainsi que le PO, suivi du Nord, auront des « Pacific » donnant 3 400 ch et des trains de 1 000 tonnes sont enlevés en souplesse et remorqués à plus de 120 km/h. Avant, c’étaient moins de 2000 ch, des trains de 300 tonnes et des vitesses qui atteignaient seulement 90 km/h.

A majestic Chapelon ‘Pacific’ is ready at the Calais depot to tow the prestigious ‘Flèche d'Or’ luxury train to Paris at a speed of over 130 kph. Behind her, an ‘R’ modestly waits to ‘ pull’ her express train... at 100 km/h.© IXO Collections SAS - Tous droits réservés. Crédits photo © Collection Trainsconsultant-Lamming

A majestic Chapelon ‘Pacific’ is ready at the Calais depot to tow the prestigious ‘Flèche d'Or’ luxury train to Paris at a speed of over 130 kph. Behind her, an ‘R’ modestly waits to ‘ pull’ her express train... at 100 km/h.© IXO Collections SAS - Tous droits réservés. Crédits photo © Collection Trainsconsultant-Lamming

Majestueuse, une « Pacific » Chapelon est prête, au dépôt de Calais, pour remorquer le prestigieux train de luxe « Flèche d’Or » jusqu’à Paris à plus de 130 km/h. Derrière elle, une « R » attend modestement de « faire son train » de messageries accéléré… à 100 km/h.© IXO Collections SAS - Tous droits réservés. Crédits photo © Collection Trainsconsultant-Lamming

Majestueuse, une « Pacific » Chapelon est prête, au dépôt de Calais, pour remorquer le prestigieux train de luxe « Flèche d’Or » jusqu’à Paris à plus de 130 km/h. Derrière elle, une « R » attend modestement de « faire son train » de messageries accéléré… à 100 km/h.© IXO Collections SAS - Tous droits réservés. Crédits photo © Collection Trainsconsultant-Lamming

When long-distance passenger trains have several vans. Here, a Calais-Paris express, made up of DEV cars, features no less than three Nord-type vans. In the lead, the 231-K struggles to start up.© IXO Collections SAS - Tous droits réservés. Crédits photo © Collection Trainsconsultant-Lamming

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